Peer-Reviewed Science

Our Published
Research

Forceteck's technology is built on over 15 years of peer-reviewed research from the University of Bath. Below are the key publications underpinning our platform.

Theme 01

Core Computer Vision & Markerless Kinematics

These publications validate the fundamental code engineering, multi-camera triangulation architectures, and 2D/3D tracking accuracy underpinning Forceteck's video analysis engine. Led by David Pagnon.

01
Pagnon, D., Domalain, M., & Reveret, L. (2022). Pose2Sim: An open-source Python package for multiview markerless kinematics. Journal of Open Source Software, 7(77), 4362.
02
Pagnon, D., Domalain, M., & Reveret, L. (2021). Pose2Sim: An End-to-End Workflow for 3D Markerless Sports Kinematics—Part 1: Robustness. Sensors, 21(19), 6530.
03
Pagnon, D., Domalain, M., & Reveret, L. (2022). Pose2Sim: An End-to-End Workflow for 3D Markerless Sports Kinematics—Part 2: Accuracy. Sensors, 22(7), 2712.
04
Pagnon, D., & Kim, H. M. (2024). Sports2D: Compute 2D human pose and angles from a video or a webcam. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(101), 6849.
Theme 02

Computational Modelling, Video Force Estimation & Predictive Machine Learning

These publications provide validation for Forceteck's computational models, neural network force estimations from video, sprinting mechanics, and injury risk frameworks. Led by Dr Dario Cazzola.

05
Cordero-Sanchez, J., Sheehy, Z., Serrancolí, G., Preatoni, E., Trewartha, G., & Cazzola, D. (2026). Prediction of on-field rugby scrummaging contact forces from videos using Artificial Neural Networks. PLoS ONE, 21(4), e0330097.
06
Haralabidis, N., Colyer, S., Serrancolí, G., Salo, A. I. T., & Cazzola, D. (2022). Modifications to the net knee moments lead to the greatest improvements in accelerative sprinting performance: a predictive simulation study. Scientific Reports, 12, 15920.
07
Rivadulla, A. R., Sheehy, Z., Chen, X., Cazzola, D., Trewartha, G., & Preatoni, E. (2026). Does preferred technique influence how kinematics change during a run to exhaustion?—A cluster-based approach. PeerJ, 14, e20673.
08
Silvestros, P., Pizzolato, C., Lloyd, D. G., Preatoni, E., Gill, H. S., & Cazzola, D. (2021). Electromyography-Assisted Neuromusculoskeletal Models Can Estimate Physiological Muscle Activations and Joint Moments Across the Neck Before Impacts. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 143(11), 111007.
09
West, S. W., Williams, S., Cazzola, D., Cross, M., Kemp, S., & Stokes, K. A. (2021). Training load and other risk factors for soft tissue injury risk in professional rugby union: a 13-team, 2-season study of 383 injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(23), 1345–1351.
10
West, S. W., Williams, S., Cazzola, D., Cross, M., Kemp, S., & Stokes, K. A. (2021). The acute:chronic workload ratio: why one size does not fit all. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(23), 1352–1357.
11
Seminati, E., Cazzola, D., Trewartha, G., & Preatoni, E. (2023). Tackle direction and preferred side affect upper body loads and movements in rugby union tackling. Sports Biomechanics, 1–18.
12
Lucas, D., Stokes, K. A., McGuigan, P. M., Hill, J., & Cazzola, D. (2022). Consensus on a jockey's injury prevention framework for video analysis: a modified Delphi study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 8(4), e001422.
13
Silvestros, P., Preatoni, E., Gill, H. S., & Cazzola, D. (2022). Hyperflexion is unlikely to be the primary cervical spine injury mechanism in accidental head-on rugby tackling. bioRxiv, 2022-02.
14
Seminati, E., Cazzola, D., Preatoni, E., & Trewartha, G. (2017). Specific tackling situations affect the biomechanical demands experienced by rugby union players. Sports Biomechanics, 16(1), 58–75.
15
Cowburn, J., Serrancolí, G., Pavei, G., Minetti, A., Salo, A. A., Colyer, S. S., & Cazzola, D. (2024). A novel computational framework for the estimation of internal musculoskeletal loading and muscle adaptation in hypogravity. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1329765.
16
Cazzola, D., et al. (2019). Musculoskeletal modelling of the human cervical spine for the investigation of injury mechanisms during axial impacts. PLoS ONE, 14(5), e0216663.
17
Cazzola, D., Holsgrove, T. P., Preatoni, E., Gill, H. S., & Trewartha, G. (2017). Cervical Spine Injuries: A Whole-Body Musculoskeletal Model for the Analysis of Spinal Loading. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0169329.